At a restaurant in a future not too distant
future, a man and a woman doing on a
date. After jitters subside, everything went smoothly.
The man was admitted aged 33 years and
throughout most of his lifetime,
he has no partner. And
though he did not express them, she married and had a
family. The woman responded by saying he was
only 52 years old and never married, divorced, and had
children aged 20 years. The man is
not thought-the woman looked about her, or even younger.
That's a dream that wants
to be embodied by Julie Mattison of the National Institute on Ageing (NIA), the
National Institute of aging in the United
States. He envisions a time
when age chronologically passed each
year but biological age can be set to a different time so
that parents are not the same meaning with the
meaning of that Word as we understand it now.
100 years into the future in numbers
The secret of longevity in Ikaria seniors
Who want restrictions on unhealthy food
It seems far out of reach, but our
society is already trying to step into that direction, thanks to the progress
of medicine and improved standards of
living healthy. In 2014, for
example, Health Interview Survey United States notes
that 16% of the population aged between 50 to 64 years
old every day experiencing disruptions due to chronic
diseases. Thirty years earlier that
number reached 23%. This means that, in addition
to experiencing life is
longer, we also experienced the '
masa ' health — and the second thing is more proven.
Citing the former President's speech and update the United
States, John F Kennedy, in a White
House Conference on Aging in the
first in 1961, in fact, life can be added to age,
so it's not just age that added to life.
Calorie restriction
Thus, what we need to do more to
extend lifespan and increase our quality of
life? The penalty around
the world looking for a variety of thought-provoking, but
for Mattison, the answer is simple changes in our diet.
They believe that the possibility of the key of old
age better reduces
the quantity of food that we consume, through an
approach called ' calorie restriction '.
This diet is more effective than reducing fatty
foods occasionally, namely by means
of reducing portion sizes gradually and be careful eating forever. Since
the early 1930 's, 30% reduction in the amount of
food consumed per day have a relationship with a more
active life and longevity for worms, flies, rodents, rats are
large and small monkeys.
In the animal world, in other
words, calorie restriction proved to be the panacea for the damage to life. And it's
possible that it can provide the same benefits to
humans.
The thought that people eat affects his health no
doubt existed before recorded history that still exists
today. However, as is the
case in scientific disciplines, the
first detailed entry comes from Ancient Greece.
Hippocrates-a physicist who
said diseases are natural and not magic-observed that many diseases associated
with gluttony. People of Greece the fat tends to die at the age younger than the
people of Greece are slim. It is clear and
written in the Papyrus paper.
From the Science Center, these ideas later
adopted and adapted over the centuries.And at the end
of the 15th
century, Alvise Cornaro, a weak Aristocrat from
the small village near Venice, Italy,
inserting the wisdom to her mind and apply it
to himself.
If excessive paced life have a negative
effect, would refrain from food has a positive? To
find the answer, Cornaro, 40-year-old,
just eating a 350g (12 oz) of food every
day, more or less as
much as 1,000 calories if based
on estimated recently.He ate bread, panatela-or some sort
of long biscuit-gravy, soup,
and eggs.
For the flesh, she chose the veal, goat,
beef, partridge commonly hunted birds, thrush,
and all kinds of poultry are available. He
buys fish caught in local streams and rivers. By
limiting the number of but not the type
of food, Cornaro claimed to have reached
the ' perfect health ' until his death more
than 40 years later.
Although he changed his birth date when growing
older and admitted to 98 years old, believed
to be 84 years old when he died. It is
a remarkable achievement in the 16th century when the
age of 50 or 60 is
considered old. In 1591, his grandson published a
great book that consists of three volumes after his
death with the title Discourses on
the Sober Life or Living Sober Discourse containing
the food restriction a boost for general audiences
and redefining aging itself.
With improved health in times
of old, then the House of seniors still have mental capacity in
full and will be able to make use of the knowledge that has
been acquired over the
decades to a good cause, said Carnaro. With his diet,
beauty into old age, not young.
Longevity test
Cornaro was an interesting man but his
invention should not be treated as a fact by
the discipline of any kind. Even though he
was honest in saying what is and is not
experiencing health problems during nearly half a
century--which seems unlikely--it is a case study that does not represent the human being as
a whole.
However, since the year 1953 basic
research on white rats, food restriction between
30% to 50% indicates an extension, delaying the age
of death due to age-related diseases and disorders. Of
course, that is true for mice or lab organisms may
not apply to humans.
Long-term trials, by following in the footsteps of
man since stepping on adulthood until
death, rarely do. "I am not of the
opinion research longevity in humans as something
that could be a program of research that can
be funded," said Mattison.
"Even if we start a man at
the age of 40 or 50 years, we still have to
do additional research,
approximately 40 or 50 years."
Moreover, he added, to ensure
that factors not related--such as exercise, smoking, mental
health, medical care — not to affect the final results
of the trials are almost impossible for our
species complex from the
social side and culturally.
Therefore, in the
late 1980 's, two independent long-term trials-one in the NIA and another
one at the University of Wisconsin-made
to study aging and caloric restriction on Rhesus monkeys. Not
only 93% human DNA the same as Primate
was, how aging is also the same man with a
monkey it.
Slowly, after the middle of the same age as
(about 15 years in
the Rhesus Monkey), start bending the spine, skin, and muscles begin to slack
off, and in the part that is still
growing, changing of colors like ginger to
gray. The equations are there deeper. In primates, the
incidence of this cancer, diabetes,
and heart disease increases and often get worse along
with the increase of age.
"Primate-Primate it was an incredibly nice model for studying aging,"
said Rozalyn Anderson, an expert on the science
of aging at the University of Wisconsin.
No natural malnutrition
Primates are easily controlled. With food being
given in the form of special biscuits, diet
for 76 monkeys at the University of Wisconsin and the
existing 121 in NIA adjusted by
age, body weight and appetite of its. All
the monkeys got a full intake of nutrients and
minerals that the body is required. The happen is 50% of a
group of monkeys who restricted calories, eat 30%
less than other groups.
It turns out that monkeys are not subjected
to malnutrition or starvation. For
example, Sherman, 43-year-old Monkey from the NIA.
According to Julie Mattison of the National
Institute on Ageing (NIA) in the United States, since
the calorie restricted diets lived the year of 1987, at the age of 16
years, Sherman has yet to show signs of hunger which
is usually clearly visible in this species.
Sherman is the Rhesus Macaque is the
oldest ever recorded, nearly 20 years older than the
average lifetime of that species that live in
the cage. When the young monkeys suffering from disease
and dying, the monkey Sherman seemed immune
from aging. Even when of age reach 30
's years, Sherman should be regarded as an old monkey, but he doesn't look
or act like the age is old.
On a different level, the
experiment over the monkeys at the NIA also
showed the same results. "We found the frequency
of diabetes, lower cancer frequency in the
group who restricted calories consumption,"
said Mattison.
The year 2009, trials at the University
of Wisconsin published similar results. Not only
did the monkeys look very young –
have thicker fur, less thinning, and their color brown instead of gray-than the
monkeys fed a standard diet. They are
also healthier anyway and are free from disease.
Diseases of aging
Cancer, such as a
common intestinal adenocarcinoma, reduced more
than 50%. Heart disease risk is
also reduced 50%. And even though 11 monkey ad
libitum or eating, as usual, suffered diabetes
and five signs prediabetes, controlling blood
sugar looked healthy in all the
calories intake restricted monkeys. For the monkeys,
diabetes does not become the issue.
Overall, only 13% of the monkeys in the group
who restricted calories die due to causes of
aging in the past 20 years. In the ad
libitum group, 37% of the number of
dead or nearly three times the
calories intake restricted groups.
In the research update at the University
of Wisconsin in 2014, this percentage remains stable.
"We have proved that aging can be
manipulated in primates," said Anderson.
"It's like a cover-up because of
the obvious, but conceptually this question so important
that aging is a reasonable target for clinical intervention and medical
care."
In other words, if aging can be delayed,
then all diseases related to aging will
follow suit.
"Handle a disease once in a while will
not prolong the life of a person significantly because
they'd died of other causes," he said of Anderson.
"If we cure all cancers, we will not offset
the death due to heart
disease, dementia, or abnormalities-abnormalities caused
by diabetes. Conversely,
if we overcome aging, we can compensate for it
all at once. "
Reduce feeding monkeys certainly helped, but
the restriction of caloric intake is much more difficult to
do by humans in the real
world. First, our access to high-calorie regular food now is
easier than previous times. With
the delivery companies such asDeliveroo and UberEats,
we no longer need to walk to the restaurant. Second,
the increased weight of the usual thing is for
some people.
"There is a genetic component to all of
this and for some people, it's
harder to keep the body slimmer than the others,"
explains Anderson.
Ideally, the amount and type of food we
eat should be adjusted with whom we –
like our genetic predisposition to gain weight,
how our metabolism with sugar, how do we store fat
and other psychological schools that are beyond the scope of scientific instruction at this
time and may also be good.
But the trend of overweight can be used as a
guide for the selection of life and not as
an inevitability. "Personally I have a history
of obesity within the family, and I did the calorie
restricted and flexible shape," says Susan Roberts,
a diet expert at Tufts University in Boston.
"I maintain a body mass
index (BMI) at 22, and I have calculated that to
sustain the conditions that I must eat 80% of my
usual consumption if my BMI 30, as well
as the other members of my family."
Stressed by Roberts that it is not
difficult: he followed his own weight management program by using a tool
called iDiet to help him reduce
the portion packed but avoid hunger or avoids pleasure. If that's
not possible, he added, he would not be running the calorie
restricted.
Roberts not only witness directly the
issue of obesity in her family, she is also
more familiar than calorie restricted will
benefit most people. For more than 10 years, he led a team
of scientists in the experiment Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects
of Reducing Intake of Energy, which is also known as Valerie.
Metabolism
In that program. for two years, a total
of 218 men and women aged between 21
and50 healthy years is divided into two
parts. In the first group, they were allowed
to eat as usual, while the second
group decrease eating up 20%. Both
groups undergo medical examinations every six months.
In contrast to research
on Rhesus monkeys, examination for more than two years
cannot determine
whether the reduction in calories reduce or delay
the diseases associated with aging. The time is not
sufficient to measure it.
But the Calorie trial testing
the next best thing: the
biological signs early for heart disease, cancer, and
diabetes.
In the blood of people who undergo the restriction of
calories, cholesterol ratio between '
good ' and ' evil ' cholesterol increases, while molecules that
are associated with the formation
of tumor-called tumor necrosis factor-reduced 25%, and the
rate of insulin resistance is clear signs of the presence
of diabetes – dropped by almost 40% compared to people
who consumed a diet
of normal. Overall lower blood pressure.
Indeed, some of the positive
things that might be due to the reduced weight. Trials conducted Valerie covers people who are fat and those
who have a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or less
than that figure, and reduce the weight of
course increase the welfare of participants
that more fat.
"One thing is very clear for a long
time is overweight is not good for us,"
stated Roberts.
Was added by various diseases and disorders that
were previously believed to be associated with aging, it
now appears among the inhabitants of the fat.
But the latest results show
that significant health benefits can be plucked
from an already healthy body – i.e. people who
aren't underweight or obese. That
person has a BMI between 18.5 to 25.
Behind the results of it,
evidence of further trials is
necessary before a person who had a healthy BMI recommended to
reduce your calorie intake.
In the meantime, scientists hope
that Rhesus monkeys can help us understand
exactly why calorie restriction might have
had such impacts.
Supported data collected during almost 30
years of death and life, and tissue and blood
samples, from nearly 200 monkeys, research at
the NIA and the University of Wisconsin are aimed
at searching for bright spots about the restriction
of calories as well as looking know how
it postpones aging.
With food reduced, whether forced more
efficient metabolism? Is there
a general molecular regulator of aging button enabled (or switched
off) with fewer calories? Or is there a mechanism that is
not yet known who lives or the demise of Scotch?
The answers to those questions may still be far
from reality.
"If I clone myself 10 times and we
are all working hard, I think we still can not break
it," said Anderson.
"The
biology is very complicated," he added. Efforts need
to be done to understand how calorie restriction work
and other treatments can be used to get lost a
special part of our biology. Aging can be handled directly without
the need to restrict calories.
"And I think it is the real golden
ticket," says Anderson.
Although a neat explanation of
the deficiencies, the restriction of calories is
one fixed way promises to improve health and health
care how long endure in our lives.
"There's not anything we
see makes us think that the restriction of calories is
not good for people," said Roberts of the Valerie study.
And in contrast
to drug-based treatment, restriction of calories does
not cause a variety of side effects.
"Our people (participants) did not feel
more hungry, good moods, his
sexual function well. We strive to find the bad
things and not find it, "said Roberts.
One problem
that occurred was little reduction in bone
density that is usually associated with weight loss,
says Roberts. But as a keep-keep, the
volunteers were given an extra supplement in small
quantities during the trial period.
Even with promising results like that, "Valerie trial is the first
research on this issue, and I think none of us feel
assured, ' we would recommend it to everyone in the
world," says Roberts.
"But this really is an
interesting prospect. I think delaying the emergence
of chronic diseases is
something that can be supported by everyone and get people interested
because nobody wants to go through life with one
of these diseases. "
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